Bismuth




Bismuth







































































































































83 leadbismuthpolonium
Sb

Bi

Uup





periodic table
General
Name, Symbol, Number bismuth, Bi, 83
Chemical series poor metals
Group, Period, Block 15, 6, p
Appearance lustrous reddish white
Atomic mass 208.98040(1) g/mol
Electron configuration [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p3
Electrons per shell 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 5
Physical properties
Phase solid
Density (near r.t.) 9.78 g/cm³
Liquid density at m.p. 10.05 g/cm³
Melting point 544.7 K
(271.5 °C, 520.7 °F)
Boiling point 1837 K
(1564 °C, 2847 °F)
Heat of fusion 11.30 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization 151 kJ/mol
Heat capacity (25 °C) 25.52 J/(mol·K)



















Vapor pressure
P/Pa 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k
at T/K 941 1041 1165 1325 1538 1835
Atomic properties
Crystal structure rhombohedral
Oxidation states 3, 5
(mildly acidic oxide)
Electronegativity 2.02 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies
(more)
1st: 703 kJ/mol
2nd: 1610 kJ/mol
3rd: 2466 kJ/mol
Atomic radius 160 pm
Atomic radius (calc.) 143 pm
Covalent radius 146 pm
Miscellaneous
Magnetic ordering diamagnetic
Electrical resistivity (20 °C) 1.29 µΩ·m
Thermal conductivity (300 K) 7.97 W/(m·K)
Thermal expansion (25 °C) 13.4 µm/(m·K)
Speed of sound (thin rod) (20 °C) 1790 m/s
Young's modulus 32 GPa
Shear modulus 12 GPa
Bulk modulus 31 GPa
Poisson ratio 0.33
Mohs hardness 2.25
Brinell hardness 94.2 MPa
CAS registry number 7440-69-9
Notable isotopes































Main article: Isotopes of bismuth
iso NA half-life DM DE (MeV) DP
207Bi syn 31.55 y ε 2.399 207Pb
208Bi syn 3,368,000 y ε 2.880 208Pb
209Bi 100% (1.9±0.2) ×1019y α   205Tl
References

Bismuth is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Bi and atomic number 83. bismuth bismuth suppliers subsalicylate This heavy, brittle, white crystalline trivalent poor bismuth subgallate metal has a pink classification de bismuth tinge and chemically resembles arsenic and antimony. Of all the metals, it is the most naturally diamagnetic, and only mercury duck hunting bismuth loads has less bismuth bismuth loads shot thermal conductivity. Lead-free bismuth compounds are used in cosmetics history of bismuth buy bismuth and in medical procedures.








Notable characteristics


It is a bismuth poisoning brittle metal with a pinkish hue what is bismuth made of and how dosee it look like with an iridescent tarnish. Among the heavy metals, bismuth trioxide it is the heaviest and the only non-toxic (disputed ). No other metal is more naturally diamagnetic (as opposed to bismuth antigravity superdiamagnetic) than bismuth. It occurs in its native form, and has a high electrical resistance. Of any metal, it has the second lowest thermal conductivity and the highest Hall effect. When combusted with oxygen bismuth burns grow bismuth telluride seebeck coefficient bismuth crystals bismuth oxychloride with a blue flame and its oxide forms yellow fumes.


Bismuth has long been thought to be bismuth telluride bismuth selenide crystals unstable alain bismuth on theoretical bismuth no-tox grounds, but not until 2003 was this demonstrated when researchers at the Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale tin bismuth replate lead in Orsay, France measured the alpha emission half-life of Bi-209 to be 1.9 × 1019 years, meaning that bismuth is very slightly radioactive, where is bismuth found bismuth based solder properties of bismuth with a half-life over a billion times longer than the current bismuth film electrode and voltammetry estimated age of 20 guage bismuth reloads the universe. Due to this phenomenal half-life, reloading bismuth bismuth can be treated interesting facts about bismuth as if it is stable and non-radioactive. Ordinary food containing typical amounts of carbon 14 is many thousands of times more radioactive than bismuth, as are our own bodies. However, the radioactivity is of academic interest because bismuth is one of few elements whose radioactivity pictures of bismuth bismuth subcitrate was bismuth subnitrate explosion suspected, and indeed theoretically predicted, before being detected in the lab.




Applications


Bismuth manufacturer's of bismuth subsalicylate oxychloride is extensively used in cosmetics and bismuth subnitrate and subcarbonate are used in medicine. Bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol®) bismuth hobby shops is used as an antidiarrheal. [1]


Some other current uses are:



  • Strong permanent magnets can be made from the alloy bismanol (MnBi).
  • Many bismuth alloys have low melting points and are widely used for fire detection and suppression system safety devices.
  • Bismuth is used in producing malleable irons.
  • Bismuth is finding use as a catalyst for making acrylic fibers.
  • Also used as a thermocouple material (bismuth has the highest negativity known).
  • A carrier for U-235 or U-233 fuel in nuclear reactors.
  • Bismuth has also been used in solders. The fact that bismuth and many of its alloys expand slightly when they solidify make them ideal for this purpose.
  • Bismuth subnitrate is a component of glazes that produces an iridescent luster finish.
  • Bismuth is sometimes used in the production of shot and shotgun slugs. Its advantage over lead in this respect is that is non-toxic so is therefore legal in the UK for the shooting of wetland birds.

In the early 1990s, research began to evaluate bismuth as a nontoxic replacement for lead in various applications:



  • As noted above, bismuth has been used in solders; its low toxicity will be especially important for solders to be used in food processing equipment.
  • As an ingredient of ceramic glazes
  • As an ingredient in free-machining brasses for plumbing applications
  • As an ingredient in free-cutting steels for precision machining properties
  • As a catalyst for making acrylic fibres
  • As a carrier for uranium fuel in nuclear reactors
  • In low-melting alloys used in fire detection and extinguishing systems
  • As an ingredient in lubricating greases
  • As a dense material for fishing sinkers.



Crystals



Though virtually where was bismuth discovered unseen in nature, high-purity bismuth telluride and antimonic telluride bismuth can form into distinctive hopper crystals. These colorful laboratory creations are bismuth metal typically bismuth oxide sold bismuth alloys to hobbyists.




History


Bismuth (New Latin bisemutum from German Wismuth, perhaps bismuth shotshells from weisse Masse, "white mass") was confused in early times with tin and lead bismuth due to buying pure bismuth its resemblance to those elements. Claude Geoffroy le Jeune bismuth ore wanted (Claude Geoffroy the younger) showed in 1753 that bismuth antimony this metal is distinct from lead.




Occurrence


The most important ores of bismuth are bismuthinite and bismite. Canada, Bolivia, Japan, Mexico, bismuth shot reloading and Peru are major bismuth crystals producers. Bismuth bismuth spectrum produced in the United States is obtained as a by-product of copper, gold, silver, tin and especially lead ore processing. The average bismuth crystal bismuth rock price for bismuth in 2000 was US$7.70 per kilogram.




References



  • Los Alamos National Laboratory - Bismuth



External links





Wikimedia Commons has media related to:
Bismuth



  • WebElements.com - Bismuth
  • Bismuth breaks half-life record for alpha decay

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Chemistry Topics:

Ap - B | A - An | Co - D | C - Cl

E - F | G - Ha | He - I | J - Le

Li - Me | Mi - O | Pr - R | P - Po

S | T - V | W - Z

 
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